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First written in 1988 by Gil Stanley to mark the 75th anniversary of Bellingham + Stanley and revised twice since – most recently in 2019 – this handbook remains one of the most thorough freely available references on refractometry. The underlying physical principles are as relevant today as when first published.

The handbook is structured in two parts:

Part 1 – Fundamentals and instrument knowledge:

• Refractometry fundamentals: Refractive index, critical angle, refractometer prism, and the core concept behind modern instruments

• Transmission and reflection modes: Boundary line quality, contrast, and the practical advantages and limitations of each mode – including guidance for colored and turbid samples

• Color fringing at the boundary line: Dispersion, spectral sources, prism design and color filters – why the light source has more influence than most users expect

• Temperature effects: Temperature control, measurement, and compensation methods from mechanical to optical

• Calibration and verification: Test liquids, test plates, and correct sample preparation for reproducible results

• Prism materials: Glass, fused silica, quartz, sapphire – physical, chemical, and cost-related differences compared

Part 2 – Specialist measurements and applications:

• Electronic refractometers: Photometric instruments, scanning refractometers, and photodiode arrays

• RI measurement of specialist samples: Emulsions, volatile substances, resins, solids, gemstones, and thin films

• Combined physical measurements and accessories: Flow cells, differential measurement cells, and polarizing eyepieces

Who should download this handbook? Lab analysts, scientists, and researchers working with refractometers in food analysis, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, or industrial quality assurance.

📥 Download the free refractometry handbook now

First published 1988 – revised 2019. Timeless foundational knowledge, ready for your next shift.